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Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky〔Also known as Josip, Josef or Joseph.〕 (; (ロシア語:Ио́сиф Алекса́ндрович Бро́дский), ; 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996) was a Russian and American poet and essayist. Born in Leningrad in 1940, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled ("strongly advised" to emigrate) from the Soviet Union in 1972, settling in America with the help of W. H. Auden and other supporters. He taught thereafter at universities including those at Yale, Cambridge and Michigan. Brodsky was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity". He was appointed United States Poet Laureate in 1991. ==Early years== Brodsky was born into a Jewish family in Leningrad. He was a descendant of a prominent and ancient rabbinic family Schorr (Shor).〔(Surnames of Rabbinical Families. JewishGen )〕〔(Finding Our Fathers: A Guidebook to Jewish Genealogy By Dan Rottenberg )〕 His direct male-line ancestor is Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor. His father, Aleksandr Brodsky, was a professional photographer in the Soviet Navy and his mother, Maria Volpert Brodsky, was a professional interpreter whose work often helped to support the family. They lived in communal apartments, in poverty, marginalized by their Jewish status.〔Cole, Henri "Brodsky, Joseph". ''The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English''. Ian Hamilton. Oxford University Press, 1996.〕 In early childhood Brodsky survived the Siege of Leningrad where he and his parents nearly died of starvation; one aunt did die of hunger.〔 He later suffered from various health problems caused by the siege. Brodsky commented that many of his teachers were anti-Semitic and that he felt like a dissident from an early age. He noted "I began to despise Lenin, even when I was in the first grade, not so much because of his political philosophy or practice...but because of his omnipresent images."〔(Obituary pp. 4–6 ) ''New York Times'' "Joseph Brodsky, Exiled Poet Who Won Nobel, Dies at 55" 29 January 1996.〕 As a young student Brodsky was "an unruly child" known for his misbehavior during classes. At fifteen, Brodsky left school and tried to enter the School of Submariners without success. He went on to work as a milling machine operator.〔 Later, having decided to become a physician, he worked at the morgue at the Kresty Prison, cutting and sewing bodies.〔 He subsequently held a variety of jobs in hospitals, in a ship's boiler room, and on geological expeditions. At the same time, Brodsky engaged in a program of self-education. He learned Polish so he could translate the works of Polish poets such as Czesław Miłosz, and English so that he could translate John Donne. On the way, he acquired a deep interest in classical philosophy, religion, mythology, and English and American poetry.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joseph Brodsky」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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